Egyptian President. Fifth President of Egypt and first democratically elected official. He served from June 30, 2012 to July 3, 2013 until he was removed from office by General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi in a coup d'etat following the 2013 Egyptian protests. Born in the village of El Adwah near Cairo, he moved to Cairo in the 1960's to attend Cairo University where he earned a Bachelor of Arts in Engineering. From 1975 to 1976 he fulfilled his required military service in the Egyptian Army, and returned to Cairo University to earn a Master of Science degree in metallurgical engineering. He earned a scholarship which allowed him to attend the University of Southern California where he received a PhD in materials science in 1982. He became an assistant professor at California State, Northridge from 1982 to 1985, and as an expert on precision metal surfaces, worked with NASA in the 1980's to develop engines for the space shuttles. He returned to Egypt in 1985 and became a professor at Zagazig University where he was appointed head of the engineering department. He served as a lecturer there until 2010. He was elected to the Egyptian Parliament in 2000 and served until 2005. He was a member of the Freedom and Justice Party and served as its first president. He was arrested on January 28, 2011 with twenty-four other Muslim leaders, but escaped from a Cairo prison two days later. He was elected President on June 24, 2012 and was sworn in on June 30th. His brief tenure was marked by unrest and when he issued a temporary constitutional declaration on November 22, 2012 granting himself unlimited powers and the ability to legislate without judicial oversight, it sparked protests in Tahrir Square. On December 8, 2012 he annulled his decree, but announced its effects would stand. On June 30, 2013, millions of people rallied across Egypt and demanded his resignation. He was removed from office on July 2nd and the head of the constitutional court, Adly Mansour, was appointed interim president. He was subsequently charged with inciting deadly violence; espionage for militant groups including Hamas, Hezbollah, and Iran's Revolutionary Guards; escaping Wadi el-Natrun Prison in 2011; and leaking classified documents to Qatar. In April 2015, he and twelve other defendants were sentenced to twenty years in prison for the arrest and torture of protestors and the incitement to violence. He was also sentenced to death with 105 other defendants for their roles in the prison break. In June 2016 he received a life sentence for passing state secrets to Qatar. In November 2016, the court of cassation overturned the death sentence. He was attending a court hearing on the espionage charges when he collapsed and died.