Nobel Prize Recipient, Zoologist. He received world-wide acclaim as an Austrian zoologist who shared the 1973 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine with animal behaviorist Karl von Frish and Nikolaas Tinbergen. Born Konrad Zacharias Lorenz the youngest of two sons, he knew as a child that he had a passion for animals and observing their behaviors. Starting before he could read with a salamander with 44 larvae, a pet duck, and dozens of animals in his home, his career as a zoologist began. In 1922 his father, an orthopedic surgeon, sent him to Columbia University in New York City to study pre-medicine, but he returned a year later to study at the University of Vienna. He graduated in 1928 with a Doctorate of Medicine becoming an assistant professor at the Institute of Anatomy until 1935. In 1927 he married his childhood friend, Margaret Gebhart, and the couple had two daughters and a son. His wife was a gynecologist. In 1933 he received a PhD in Zoology. Using ducks mainly as his subjects, his research was about “Imprinting,” which was learning occurring at a particular age or a particular life stage and since programmed genetically, it could not be changed. In 1936 the German of Society of Animal Behavior was founded and the next year, he became the co-editor of the professional journal. In 1938 he join the Nazi Party to accept an university chairmanship under the Nazi Regime. In 1940 he was a professor in an east Prussian university. While he repeatedly condemned Nazi ideology, many others believed that his paper, “Disorders Caused by the Domestication of Species-Specific Behavior” was worded to reflect a pro-Nazi stance. Through the rest of his life, he had to weather many criticisms about his relationship with the Nazi Party; he was a recipient of a Honorary Doctorate from the University of Salzbury in 1983, but the degree was revoked posthumously in 2015 after learning his involvement with the Nazi Party. Although he had never practice medicine, in the autumn of 1941 during World War II, he was recruited to serve in the Nazi Army as a doctor with an assignment in the psychiatric and neurology departments of a hospital in the region of Posen of the Prussian Empire. He learned first-hand the symptoms of neurosis, particularly hysteria, and about psychosis, particularly schizophrenia. In 1942 he was sent to the eastern front to fight against Soviet forces and became a prisoner of war within two weeks. First, he was assigned to a hospital of 600 patients with various diagnoses mainly related to the war such as stress, malnutrition and dehydration, or exposure to freezing temperatures. He learned to speak Russian. When the hospital was closed, he was sent to several prisoner of war camps in Armenia and continued to treat patients. After the war, he came home to Austria in February of 1948, but there was no work. He found that his wife had abandoned her medical practice to manage a farm, which provided food for their family. He headed the Institute of Comparative Ethology at Altenbery from 1949 to 1951. This led to the international meeting of ethologists in 1949 and a second one in 1950. In 1950 he was offered a position at the University of Bristol in England, but at the last minute accepted another offer to stay in Austria to establish an ethology department in the Max Planck Institute of Buldern in Westphalia. He was co-director in 1954 and from 1961 to 1973, he served as director of the Max Planck Institute for Behavior Physiology in Seewiesn, Germany. After leaving the institute, he returned to Austria and continued lecturing, researching and writing until 1976 when he retired. He authored over a dozen books the first one in 1929, a diary of animal observations. His most well-known books are “King Solomon's Rings” written in 1949 and in 1963 “On Aggression,” which was translated to English in 1966. He published many articles written in German, but later between 1970 to 1971, these articles were translated to English and published in two volumes as “Studies in Animal and Human Behavior.” While he was in the prisoner of war camps, he wrote a manuscript, which was published in 1973 as “Behind the Mirror.” Besides the Nobel Prize, he was the recipient of the Austrian Decoration of Science and Art and elected to the Foreign Member of the Royal Society in 1964, Kalinga Prize in 1969, Gold Medal of Humboldt Society in 1973, and in 1984 the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany and the Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art. During his last years, he became active with the Austrian Green Party in an attempt to save the environment. He is ranked 65th in a survey published in 2002 by the “Review of General Psychology” citing the scholars of the 20th century. Three research centers in Austria bear his name. He died from kidney failure.