Sculptor. He is recognized as the "Father of British Pop Art" and one of the most leading sculptors of the postwar era. Besides being a sculptor, he was a screenprint maker, collagist, film maker, ceramicist, as well as a host of other artistic endeavors. He was the oldest son of Italian immigrants, which caused him much anguish during World War II. In June of 1940 he was interned, as a Scottish-born sixteen-year-old, in Saughton Prison for three months after Fascist Italy declared war on Britain. His father, Alfonso Rudolfo Armando Antonio Paolozzi, the owner of an ice cream shop, along with his uncle and grandfather, was among 446 Italian internees killed when the ship carrying them to Canada, the "SS Arandora Star", was torpedoed off the coast of Ireland and was sunk by a German U-Boat on July 2, 1940. For the rest of his life, this incident impacted his artistic work and his confidence, or lack of it, with politics. He studied at the Edinburgh College of Art in 1943, and at the St Martin's School of Art and Slade School of Art in London from 1944 to 1947 before relocating to Paris, studying with various artists. Upon his return to London in 1947 his first one-man exhibition was held as a sculptor at the Mayor Gallery. He established his studio in Chelsea, and by the 1950s, he was becoming a surrealist artist through a series of screenprints. His most important work of the period was a 1947 collage entitled "I was a Rich Man's Plaything," which is on display at the Tate Museum in London. Splicing together images from a collection of his collages, as an example of pop culture, were put on slides for a film, "Homage to Surrealism". He is credited with paving the way for the later Pop Art movements in Britain and the United States. He made his collages from old comic strips or magazines collected from American soldiers. In 1952 he became a founder of the "Independent Group" of painters, sculptors, architects, writers and critics, whose aim was to provide an alternative to the prevailing Modernist style. This led to his piece "This is Tomorrow" at the Whitechapel Gallery in 1956. Turning from his screenprints, he became a very recognized primitivistic sculptor, using a modern, cubist style and creating huge sculptures of aluminum and bolts, such as "Master of the Universe", which is on display outside the Dean Gallery in Edinburgh. In the 1970s he painted abstracted pieces including a series of ceiling panels for Cleish Castle in Kinross-shire. In the 1980s and 1990s, he received honors for his public commissioned pieces including the 1983 to 1985 mosaic-designed murals in the subway station at Tottenham Court in London; his 1987 plaster and polystyrene self-statue, "The Artist as Hephaestus"; and his last commission, the statue of Sir Isaac Newton, which stands in the British Library. He taught sculpture and ceramics at the University of California at Berkeley in 1968, was Professor at the Fachhochschule in Cologne from 1977 to 1981, and later at the Akademie der Bildenden Künste in Munich. During his successful career, he received many accolades including being elected to the Royal Academy in 1979, appointed "Her Majesty's Sculptor in Ordinary for Scotland" in 1986, and the Queen made him a Knight Bachelor in 1989. In 1994 Paolozzi gave the Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art many of his works, and most of the contents of his studio, which were later displayed in Edinburgh's Dean Gallery. He established the Paolozzi Foundation in 1994. In 2001, Sir Eduardo Luigi Paolozzi suffered a near-fatal stroke, ending his artistic abilities, and dying from complications four years later. His cremated remains were given to his family. In the 21st century, his small bronze piece, "Forms of a Bow No.2" is estimated to be sold for a price as high as $127,000 at Sotheby's Auction House. About 50 pieces, including photographs and charcoal drawings of him, his drawings, and several small sculptures, are archived at the National Gallery.