Nobel Prize Recipient. Joseph Rotblat, a self-described "Pole with a British passport," received world-wide notoriety after being awarded the 1995 Nobel Peace Prize. He shared the award with Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs. According to the Nobel Prize committee, they received the coveted award "for their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms." Having a five-decade long stand against nuclear weapons, he believed that science and research should serve the cause of peace. He worked closely with the Pugwash movement to achieve this goal. Born the fifth of seven children of a prosperous Jewish paper merchant, his father became penniless by the end of World War I. As a result, he found employment at age 15 as an electrician with little formal education but being self-taught with reading everything, especially physics. Being recognized for his accomplishments, he received a scholarship in the physics department of the Free University of Poland. In 1932 he received M.A. in Physics from Free University of Poland and in 1938 he received a Ph.D. in Physics from the University of Warsaw. He married a literature student, Tola Gryn, in 1937. While earning his degrees, he discovered that neutrons were emitted during the fission process. With a fellowship grant in 1939, he traveled to England to continue his research under 1935 Nobel Prize in physics, Sir James Chadwick at University of Liverpool. He returned to Poland, but left a couple of days before the Nazi invasion of Poland, marking the beginning of World War II. At first, his wife had to remain in Poland for financial reasons. In August of 1939, he received the Oliver Lodge Fellowship, doubling his salary, hence he sent for his wife, but she was recuperating from acute appendicitis with complications after her surgery in the appalling conditions of the Jewish Warsaw Ghetto. With Poland's neighboring countries being rapidly occupied by the Nazi Forces, his wife's attempts to escape all failed. According to his Royal Society biography, unknown to him until 1945, his wife and widowed mother-in-law died in Majdanek Concentration Camp in Lubelskie, Poland during 1941. The last letter he received from his wife was dated December of 1940. He never remarried. With Russian families hiding his mother and other family members, they survived the war. In 1943, Rotblat followed Chadwick to Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, becoming a member of the British team assigned to the Manhattan Project to build a bomb. As a lone conscientious objector, he left the Manhattan Project after learning that the Nazi Forces were unable to build a competing nuclear weapon. For this action, he was banned from the United States until 1951. After he was publicly labeled a spy or a Communist, his research and personal papers disappeared before he left the United States. Returning to England to resume his post at the University of Liverpool, he and the British government worked to bring his remaining family to England. He accepted a post as a senior lecturer and acting director of research in nuclear physics, and in 1946 became a naturalized British subject. His research was seeking medical goals for nuclear physics instead of weapons of mass destruction. Later in 1984 and 1987, this led to the World Health Organization's study of the effects of nuclear war on health and health services. Continuing his formal education, he received a Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool in 1950 and his D.Sc. from the University of London in 1953. In 1950 he became a professor of physics at St. Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College at the University of London until he retired in 1976. Among the eleven signatures of world-famous scientists, mostly Nobel Prize recipients, his signature is listed on the 1955 Russell-Einstein Manifesto, which protested nuclear weapons of mass destruction. He was a founding member in 1957, secretary-general from 1957 to 1973, president from 1988 to 1997, and emeritus president of the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, a London-based worldwide organization of scholars, seeking solutions to problems of national development and international security. Along with having 300 international conferences and workshops, he published numerous papers and 20 books on the Pugwash movement, nuclear physics, and world peace. He helped to establish a course in peace studies at Bradford University and received an honorary doctorate degree from this facility in 1973. He co-founded the United Kingdom Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament; was the initiator of the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute; and an expert adviser for the 1986 Year of Peace for the United Nations. Besides the Nobel Prize and a huge host of other honors, he was appointed a Commander of the British Empire in 1965; in 1998 with the Knight Commander of Saint Michael and Saint George Knight Commander's Cross from Great Britain and Star of the Order of Polonia Restituta from Poland; and in 1989 he was honored with Knight Commander's Cross, Order of Merit from Germany. He received four honorary doctorate degrees and held membership in a host of learned societies including a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1995. He received the Albert Einstein Peace Prize in 1992, sharing the honor with 1967 Nobel Prize in Physics Hans Bethe. While over the age of 90, he lectured around the world including Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. Dying at the age of 96, Sir Joseph Rotblat was the last surviving signatory of the Russell-Einstein Manifesto.