Samuel was the son of Joshua Bartlett of Newbury, Essex County, Massachusetts and Priscilla Jacobs Bartlett. Priscilla and Joshua were married on 01 September 1736. Place where they were married is unknown. Priscilla and Joshua had nine children. They were: Captain Joshua Bartlett was born about 1737; George Bartlett was born in 1739; Priscilla Bartlett was born in 1740; Mathias Bartlett was born in 1743; Hannah Bartlett was born about 1745; Samuel Bartlett was born on 03 February 1747 or 1748 in Amesbury, Essex County, Massachusetts; Abigail Bartlett was born on 18 March 1749 or 1750; Timothy Bartlett was born on 18 February 1751 or 1752 in Amesbury, Essex County, Massachusetts; and Lydia Bartlett was born on 20 July 1754. It is thought all the children were born in Amesbury, Essex County, Massachusetts.

Samuel was married twice. Samuel married Lois Hix about 1773. Place and date unknown. Lois and Samuel had five children. They were: Priscilla Bartlett was born about 1774 in Knox County, Maine; William Bartlett was born on 04 November 1776 in Thomason, Maine; Samuel Bartlett was born on 03 June 1778 in Maine; Captain Joshua Bartlett was born on 06 July 1780 in Maine; and Lois Bartlett was born in 1782 in Maine. Samuel married Eleanor Kimball Martin on 07 January 1788 in Thomaston, Knox County, Maine. Eleanor and Samuel had nine children. They were: Jane Bartlett was born on 19 December 1788; Thomas Bartlett was born in 1791; Knott Bartlett was born on 12 November 1793; Richard Bartlett was born in 1795; Ephraim Snow Bartlett was born on 02 February 1797 in Thomaston, Knox County, Maine; Eleanor Bartlett was born on 17 June 1799; David Bartlett was born about 1801; Captain George Bartlett was born in 1805; and Hannah Bartlett was born about 1809.
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He was honored by both the SAR and DAR for Patriotic Service as a Sealer of Leather and as a member of a committee to determine prices in South Thomaston, Maine during the American Revolution.