Civil War Confederate Lieutenant General. Born and raised in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, he fought whole-heartedly for the Southern cause. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1837, placing 27th out of 50 (among his classmates were future Union Generals John Sedgwick and Joseph Hooker, and future CSA Generals Jubal Early and Braxton Bragg). Posted as a 2nd Lieutenant in the 2nd United States Artillery, he fought in the Seminole Wars in Florida and in the Mexican War, where his service in Mexico earned him brevets of Captain and Major, US Regular Army. Promoted to Captain in 1850, he was part of the 1858 operations in Utah against the Mormons led by Albert Sidney Johnston. When the Civil War began, he opted to join the South, despite his Northern birth (he had married a Southern woman in 1848). First commissioned Lieutenant Colonel in the Confederate Army in April 1861, he was subsequently promoted to Brigadier General, PACS in June of that year. After early service as commander of the Military Department of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida, he was promoted to Major General in January 1862, and to Lieutenant General in October 1862. He was assigned to the defenses of Vicksburg, which soon became the last Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi. His command held out against a Union siege directed by Major General Ulysses S. Grant, but was hampered by conflicting orders from superiors as well as a lack of support from other Confederate commanders in the area. On July 4, 1863, General Pemberton surrendered Vicksburg, a move that gave the Union complete control of the Mississippi River and hastened the end of the Confederacy. He was vilified for his surrender, and was accused of disloyalty due to his Northern roots. After his exchange he resigned his Lieutenant General commission, and was appointed as a Lieutenant Colonel of Artillery on the urging of Confederate President Jefferson Davis. He served faithfully in this reduced capacity until the end of the war. He lived for a time in Virginia, but eventually returned to the state of his birth, where he died and was buried. Questions of his loyalty to his chosen cause still linger to this day; however, his record of war service proves he never wavered in his devotion to his adopted South.