Simon Brandmire was born Simon Brandmaier Oct 10, 1861 in Morrisburg, Dundas, Ontario, Canada the first son and third of eight children of Charles Brandmaier and Anna Marie Hirschman.
He married Josephine Ferris in 1883 in probably Utica, Winona, Minnesota. They had nine children.
He died May 19, 1938 in Huron, Beadle, SD.
===========================================
Found in the "Pioneer Statements" (Davis Collection) at the Huron Public Library by William Theeringer 7-9-2010 reprinted here exactly as it was written:
STATEMENT of MR and MRS SIMON BRANDMIRE, 117 ILLINOIS SW, HURON, SO DAK
Given to the Secretary November 27, 1935.
(Most of the statement was given by Mr. Brandmire, with Mrs. Brandmire serving as a reference and a gentle reminder to him of things she thought should be told).
My parents, Mr. and Mrs. Charles Brandmire (Mother's maiden name was Mary Hirschman), were born, brought up, and married in Germany. Father was a widower when he married Mother--his first wife, Mary Magdalene Winkler, didn't live long after their marriage. They had no children--. Father was a bricklayer and a stonemason by trade. He had served his term in the German army. He was tired of Germany, and wanted to go some place where he had a better chance of getting ahead. In common with many others of his countrymen his mind turned towards America. So not a great while after my parents were married they left Germany and took an emigrant ship across the ocean to Canada. At that time the crossing of the Atlantic wasn't the holiday trip it was today. No mater what kind of a ship you were on the voyage was a tedious one. Their ship met with stormy weather and tough going and a series of catastrophes kept them weeks and weeks on the water. But finally they reached land. They didn't stay in Eastern Canada, but came down the St Lawrence to the Province of Ontario where they made their first American home. Lived there about fifteen years. I was one of the children born to them during that time.
From Ontario they moved to Utica, Minnesota, where they lived until they moved to Dakota in 1884. But father and I had been in Dakota before 1884. Very early in the spring of 1879 we and a neighbor boy went from Utica into Moody County, Dakota Territory looking for land. We filed on claims near Flandreau. Then the nearest railroad was one hundred miles from our land. We, Father, myself, and the neighbor boy, got good land, and we liked the country--but Father and myself couldn't finance ourselves on the land. We had expected to get work to do in order to maintain ourselves--but there was no work to be had. So we gave up the land and went back to Utica about May 1st, 1879. The neighbor boy went back with us; but he returned to Dakota Territory in time to make the required improvements in order to hold down the claim. He stayed with it, too. And it wasn't very long at all until He sold his quarter for $1000.00. During the late summer of 1934--this was when feed for man and beast was so scarce with us (you might say we raised nothing that season)--I went by auto, with my son-inlaw, from Huron to Sioux Falls. Some miles north of Sioux Falls from a point along the Lone Tree Route I saw the quarter of land upon which I had filed a preemption in 1879. And it surely looked good to me. It was always a good hay land quarter, and that year there were so many hay stacks on it. I heartily wished that I could have that much hay on my Beadle County land.
As I said before Father and I went back from Moody County Dakota Territory about May 1st, 1879. We busied ourselves there about making a living. I was content to stay in Utica, but Father never lost the Dakota fever.
Six months of the year between my fourteenth and fifteenth birthdays I spent with a country blacksmith named Plummer, learning what I could in that time about blacksmithing. In later years this knowledge came in handy on the farm. It didn't take long for me to fix up an out of door forge where I could shoe horses, sharpen plows, and do considerable repair work for myself and others. Sometimes when I was busy in the field, a neighbor would come into my yard with a piece of work for me to do (most often it was a plow lay to sharpen). I would stop my work and attend to what he had brought. Sometimes a considerate one of these neighbors would take the lines from me and drive my horses at my work while I did his blacksmithing job.
After going back to Utica May 1st, 1879 I worked for a man that drilled wells--Frank Kately was his name. After I had worked a year for him I bought an interest in the driller--later I bought it all. Worked intermittently at well drilling until I was married --worked on the farm in the summer and drilled wells in the winter. --Was married in to Josephine Ferris who was born and brought up there in Utica.
During the time I was with Katley and later when on my own, I drilled wells for many nice people who gave me, green boy that I was, good training--training that has been valuable to me all through my life. I well remember one of them, a man named George Henry, a Scotchman and a member of the Minnesota Legislature. He had quite a family, mostly sons, that he was bringing up well. He didn't want anyone to use slang or improper language around his place. One evening while we were drilling for him one of his sons and I came into the house laughing and talking together. I was quite given to slang in those days, and I suppose he heard me use some on that occasion. However that may be, he called me to him, and in a kindly, considerate, and fatherly way he explained to me why at all times I should try to be a gentleman. It wasn't like a scolding--he gave me just good advice. I've always thanked him for that talk. There were so many fine, prosperous people in that part of Minnesota. Now those old folks are all dead, and their sons and grandsons aren't getting on so prosperously. More that twenty years ago out on the State Fair grounds here at Huron I met a man from Utica, Minnesota--his name was Campbell--he was exhibiting Clydesdale horses and Short Horn cattle at our fair. We sure had a good visit. You see Father and I had helped to raise Campbell's barn and new his place well. The barn was a big one--seventy two feet from the ground to the top of the cupola--three floors, first floor for stock, second floor for machinery and general store room, third floor for hay. I remember so well the day of that barn raising. Each man and each boy had a job. The young and the able-bodied did the heavy work: the boys ran errands and helped with the lighter work; the old men sat around and whittled out rounds for the ladders that went between the floors. The neighbor women helped indoors with the meals. In the evening we had quite a party at Campbell's.
As I said before I wasn't crazy to return to Dakota Territory; but Father was. He kept on talking about Dakota--he was all for leaving Minnesota and returning to Dakota. The outcome of it was we came here to Beadle County April 10, 1884. Had two cars in which we had some nice cows, four good horses, grain, two wagons, a seeder, two walking plows, our furniture, etc. It was always my plan to keep out of debt, not spend money I hadn't--in this plan my wife has always been a wonderful helpmate--so we proceeded very cautiously in the mater of establishing ourselves in Beadle County. I made my first harrow. Sam Gilbert, one of my Theresa Township neighbors, gave me an old harrow that he had discarded. The teeth in it were an inch square. The wooden pieces for my new harrow I sawed from an oak plank. Then with the aid of my out-of-door forge I got the teeth and straps off the old harrow, the teeth into the new oak strips, and the new all strapped together in place. And I had a good harrow that I used for many years.
He married Josephine Ferris in 1883 in probably Utica, Winona, Minnesota. They had nine children.
He died May 19, 1938 in Huron, Beadle, SD.
===========================================
Found in the "Pioneer Statements" (Davis Collection) at the Huron Public Library by William Theeringer 7-9-2010 reprinted here exactly as it was written:
STATEMENT of MR and MRS SIMON BRANDMIRE, 117 ILLINOIS SW, HURON, SO DAK
Given to the Secretary November 27, 1935.
(Most of the statement was given by Mr. Brandmire, with Mrs. Brandmire serving as a reference and a gentle reminder to him of things she thought should be told).
My parents, Mr. and Mrs. Charles Brandmire (Mother's maiden name was Mary Hirschman), were born, brought up, and married in Germany. Father was a widower when he married Mother--his first wife, Mary Magdalene Winkler, didn't live long after their marriage. They had no children--. Father was a bricklayer and a stonemason by trade. He had served his term in the German army. He was tired of Germany, and wanted to go some place where he had a better chance of getting ahead. In common with many others of his countrymen his mind turned towards America. So not a great while after my parents were married they left Germany and took an emigrant ship across the ocean to Canada. At that time the crossing of the Atlantic wasn't the holiday trip it was today. No mater what kind of a ship you were on the voyage was a tedious one. Their ship met with stormy weather and tough going and a series of catastrophes kept them weeks and weeks on the water. But finally they reached land. They didn't stay in Eastern Canada, but came down the St Lawrence to the Province of Ontario where they made their first American home. Lived there about fifteen years. I was one of the children born to them during that time.
From Ontario they moved to Utica, Minnesota, where they lived until they moved to Dakota in 1884. But father and I had been in Dakota before 1884. Very early in the spring of 1879 we and a neighbor boy went from Utica into Moody County, Dakota Territory looking for land. We filed on claims near Flandreau. Then the nearest railroad was one hundred miles from our land. We, Father, myself, and the neighbor boy, got good land, and we liked the country--but Father and myself couldn't finance ourselves on the land. We had expected to get work to do in order to maintain ourselves--but there was no work to be had. So we gave up the land and went back to Utica about May 1st, 1879. The neighbor boy went back with us; but he returned to Dakota Territory in time to make the required improvements in order to hold down the claim. He stayed with it, too. And it wasn't very long at all until He sold his quarter for $1000.00. During the late summer of 1934--this was when feed for man and beast was so scarce with us (you might say we raised nothing that season)--I went by auto, with my son-inlaw, from Huron to Sioux Falls. Some miles north of Sioux Falls from a point along the Lone Tree Route I saw the quarter of land upon which I had filed a preemption in 1879. And it surely looked good to me. It was always a good hay land quarter, and that year there were so many hay stacks on it. I heartily wished that I could have that much hay on my Beadle County land.
As I said before Father and I went back from Moody County Dakota Territory about May 1st, 1879. We busied ourselves there about making a living. I was content to stay in Utica, but Father never lost the Dakota fever.
Six months of the year between my fourteenth and fifteenth birthdays I spent with a country blacksmith named Plummer, learning what I could in that time about blacksmithing. In later years this knowledge came in handy on the farm. It didn't take long for me to fix up an out of door forge where I could shoe horses, sharpen plows, and do considerable repair work for myself and others. Sometimes when I was busy in the field, a neighbor would come into my yard with a piece of work for me to do (most often it was a plow lay to sharpen). I would stop my work and attend to what he had brought. Sometimes a considerate one of these neighbors would take the lines from me and drive my horses at my work while I did his blacksmithing job.
After going back to Utica May 1st, 1879 I worked for a man that drilled wells--Frank Kately was his name. After I had worked a year for him I bought an interest in the driller--later I bought it all. Worked intermittently at well drilling until I was married --worked on the farm in the summer and drilled wells in the winter. --Was married in to Josephine Ferris who was born and brought up there in Utica.
During the time I was with Katley and later when on my own, I drilled wells for many nice people who gave me, green boy that I was, good training--training that has been valuable to me all through my life. I well remember one of them, a man named George Henry, a Scotchman and a member of the Minnesota Legislature. He had quite a family, mostly sons, that he was bringing up well. He didn't want anyone to use slang or improper language around his place. One evening while we were drilling for him one of his sons and I came into the house laughing and talking together. I was quite given to slang in those days, and I suppose he heard me use some on that occasion. However that may be, he called me to him, and in a kindly, considerate, and fatherly way he explained to me why at all times I should try to be a gentleman. It wasn't like a scolding--he gave me just good advice. I've always thanked him for that talk. There were so many fine, prosperous people in that part of Minnesota. Now those old folks are all dead, and their sons and grandsons aren't getting on so prosperously. More that twenty years ago out on the State Fair grounds here at Huron I met a man from Utica, Minnesota--his name was Campbell--he was exhibiting Clydesdale horses and Short Horn cattle at our fair. We sure had a good visit. You see Father and I had helped to raise Campbell's barn and new his place well. The barn was a big one--seventy two feet from the ground to the top of the cupola--three floors, first floor for stock, second floor for machinery and general store room, third floor for hay. I remember so well the day of that barn raising. Each man and each boy had a job. The young and the able-bodied did the heavy work: the boys ran errands and helped with the lighter work; the old men sat around and whittled out rounds for the ladders that went between the floors. The neighbor women helped indoors with the meals. In the evening we had quite a party at Campbell's.
As I said before I wasn't crazy to return to Dakota Territory; but Father was. He kept on talking about Dakota--he was all for leaving Minnesota and returning to Dakota. The outcome of it was we came here to Beadle County April 10, 1884. Had two cars in which we had some nice cows, four good horses, grain, two wagons, a seeder, two walking plows, our furniture, etc. It was always my plan to keep out of debt, not spend money I hadn't--in this plan my wife has always been a wonderful helpmate--so we proceeded very cautiously in the mater of establishing ourselves in Beadle County. I made my first harrow. Sam Gilbert, one of my Theresa Township neighbors, gave me an old harrow that he had discarded. The teeth in it were an inch square. The wooden pieces for my new harrow I sawed from an oak plank. Then with the aid of my out-of-door forge I got the teeth and straps off the old harrow, the teeth into the new oak strips, and the new all strapped together in place. And I had a good harrow that I used for many years.
Simon Brandmire was born Simon Brandmaier Oct 10, 1861 in Morrisburg, Dundas, Ontario, Canada the first son and third of eight children of Charles Brandmaier and Anna Marie Hirschman.
He married Josephine Ferris in 1883 in probably Utica, Winona, Minnesota. They had nine children.
He died May 19, 1938 in Huron, Beadle, SD.
===========================================
Found in the "Pioneer Statements" (Davis Collection) at the Huron Public Library by William Theeringer 7-9-2010 reprinted here exactly as it was written:
STATEMENT of MR and MRS SIMON BRANDMIRE, 117 ILLINOIS SW, HURON, SO DAK
Given to the Secretary November 27, 1935.
(Most of the statement was given by Mr. Brandmire, with Mrs. Brandmire serving as a reference and a gentle reminder to him of things she thought should be told).
My parents, Mr. and Mrs. Charles Brandmire (Mother's maiden name was Mary Hirschman), were born, brought up, and married in Germany. Father was a widower when he married Mother--his first wife, Mary Magdalene Winkler, didn't live long after their marriage. They had no children--. Father was a bricklayer and a stonemason by trade. He had served his term in the German army. He was tired of Germany, and wanted to go some place where he had a better chance of getting ahead. In common with many others of his countrymen his mind turned towards America. So not a great while after my parents were married they left Germany and took an emigrant ship across the ocean to Canada. At that time the crossing of the Atlantic wasn't the holiday trip it was today. No mater what kind of a ship you were on the voyage was a tedious one. Their ship met with stormy weather and tough going and a series of catastrophes kept them weeks and weeks on the water. But finally they reached land. They didn't stay in Eastern Canada, but came down the St Lawrence to the Province of Ontario where they made their first American home. Lived there about fifteen years. I was one of the children born to them during that time.
From Ontario they moved to Utica, Minnesota, where they lived until they moved to Dakota in 1884. But father and I had been in Dakota before 1884. Very early in the spring of 1879 we and a neighbor boy went from Utica into Moody County, Dakota Territory looking for land. We filed on claims near Flandreau. Then the nearest railroad was one hundred miles from our land. We, Father, myself, and the neighbor boy, got good land, and we liked the country--but Father and myself couldn't finance ourselves on the land. We had expected to get work to do in order to maintain ourselves--but there was no work to be had. So we gave up the land and went back to Utica about May 1st, 1879. The neighbor boy went back with us; but he returned to Dakota Territory in time to make the required improvements in order to hold down the claim. He stayed with it, too. And it wasn't very long at all until He sold his quarter for $1000.00. During the late summer of 1934--this was when feed for man and beast was so scarce with us (you might say we raised nothing that season)--I went by auto, with my son-inlaw, from Huron to Sioux Falls. Some miles north of Sioux Falls from a point along the Lone Tree Route I saw the quarter of land upon which I had filed a preemption in 1879. And it surely looked good to me. It was always a good hay land quarter, and that year there were so many hay stacks on it. I heartily wished that I could have that much hay on my Beadle County land.
As I said before Father and I went back from Moody County Dakota Territory about May 1st, 1879. We busied ourselves there about making a living. I was content to stay in Utica, but Father never lost the Dakota fever.
Six months of the year between my fourteenth and fifteenth birthdays I spent with a country blacksmith named Plummer, learning what I could in that time about blacksmithing. In later years this knowledge came in handy on the farm. It didn't take long for me to fix up an out of door forge where I could shoe horses, sharpen plows, and do considerable repair work for myself and others. Sometimes when I was busy in the field, a neighbor would come into my yard with a piece of work for me to do (most often it was a plow lay to sharpen). I would stop my work and attend to what he had brought. Sometimes a considerate one of these neighbors would take the lines from me and drive my horses at my work while I did his blacksmithing job.
After going back to Utica May 1st, 1879 I worked for a man that drilled wells--Frank Kately was his name. After I had worked a year for him I bought an interest in the driller--later I bought it all. Worked intermittently at well drilling until I was married --worked on the farm in the summer and drilled wells in the winter. --Was married in to Josephine Ferris who was born and brought up there in Utica.
During the time I was with Katley and later when on my own, I drilled wells for many nice people who gave me, green boy that I was, good training--training that has been valuable to me all through my life. I well remember one of them, a man named George Henry, a Scotchman and a member of the Minnesota Legislature. He had quite a family, mostly sons, that he was bringing up well. He didn't want anyone to use slang or improper language around his place. One evening while we were drilling for him one of his sons and I came into the house laughing and talking together. I was quite given to slang in those days, and I suppose he heard me use some on that occasion. However that may be, he called me to him, and in a kindly, considerate, and fatherly way he explained to me why at all times I should try to be a gentleman. It wasn't like a scolding--he gave me just good advice. I've always thanked him for that talk. There were so many fine, prosperous people in that part of Minnesota. Now those old folks are all dead, and their sons and grandsons aren't getting on so prosperously. More that twenty years ago out on the State Fair grounds here at Huron I met a man from Utica, Minnesota--his name was Campbell--he was exhibiting Clydesdale horses and Short Horn cattle at our fair. We sure had a good visit. You see Father and I had helped to raise Campbell's barn and new his place well. The barn was a big one--seventy two feet from the ground to the top of the cupola--three floors, first floor for stock, second floor for machinery and general store room, third floor for hay. I remember so well the day of that barn raising. Each man and each boy had a job. The young and the able-bodied did the heavy work: the boys ran errands and helped with the lighter work; the old men sat around and whittled out rounds for the ladders that went between the floors. The neighbor women helped indoors with the meals. In the evening we had quite a party at Campbell's.
As I said before I wasn't crazy to return to Dakota Territory; but Father was. He kept on talking about Dakota--he was all for leaving Minnesota and returning to Dakota. The outcome of it was we came here to Beadle County April 10, 1884. Had two cars in which we had some nice cows, four good horses, grain, two wagons, a seeder, two walking plows, our furniture, etc. It was always my plan to keep out of debt, not spend money I hadn't--in this plan my wife has always been a wonderful helpmate--so we proceeded very cautiously in the mater of establishing ourselves in Beadle County. I made my first harrow. Sam Gilbert, one of my Theresa Township neighbors, gave me an old harrow that he had discarded. The teeth in it were an inch square. The wooden pieces for my new harrow I sawed from an oak plank. Then with the aid of my out-of-door forge I got the teeth and straps off the old harrow, the teeth into the new oak strips, and the new all strapped together in place. And I had a good harrow that I used for many years.
He married Josephine Ferris in 1883 in probably Utica, Winona, Minnesota. They had nine children.
He died May 19, 1938 in Huron, Beadle, SD.
===========================================
Found in the "Pioneer Statements" (Davis Collection) at the Huron Public Library by William Theeringer 7-9-2010 reprinted here exactly as it was written:
STATEMENT of MR and MRS SIMON BRANDMIRE, 117 ILLINOIS SW, HURON, SO DAK
Given to the Secretary November 27, 1935.
(Most of the statement was given by Mr. Brandmire, with Mrs. Brandmire serving as a reference and a gentle reminder to him of things she thought should be told).
My parents, Mr. and Mrs. Charles Brandmire (Mother's maiden name was Mary Hirschman), were born, brought up, and married in Germany. Father was a widower when he married Mother--his first wife, Mary Magdalene Winkler, didn't live long after their marriage. They had no children--. Father was a bricklayer and a stonemason by trade. He had served his term in the German army. He was tired of Germany, and wanted to go some place where he had a better chance of getting ahead. In common with many others of his countrymen his mind turned towards America. So not a great while after my parents were married they left Germany and took an emigrant ship across the ocean to Canada. At that time the crossing of the Atlantic wasn't the holiday trip it was today. No mater what kind of a ship you were on the voyage was a tedious one. Their ship met with stormy weather and tough going and a series of catastrophes kept them weeks and weeks on the water. But finally they reached land. They didn't stay in Eastern Canada, but came down the St Lawrence to the Province of Ontario where they made their first American home. Lived there about fifteen years. I was one of the children born to them during that time.
From Ontario they moved to Utica, Minnesota, where they lived until they moved to Dakota in 1884. But father and I had been in Dakota before 1884. Very early in the spring of 1879 we and a neighbor boy went from Utica into Moody County, Dakota Territory looking for land. We filed on claims near Flandreau. Then the nearest railroad was one hundred miles from our land. We, Father, myself, and the neighbor boy, got good land, and we liked the country--but Father and myself couldn't finance ourselves on the land. We had expected to get work to do in order to maintain ourselves--but there was no work to be had. So we gave up the land and went back to Utica about May 1st, 1879. The neighbor boy went back with us; but he returned to Dakota Territory in time to make the required improvements in order to hold down the claim. He stayed with it, too. And it wasn't very long at all until He sold his quarter for $1000.00. During the late summer of 1934--this was when feed for man and beast was so scarce with us (you might say we raised nothing that season)--I went by auto, with my son-inlaw, from Huron to Sioux Falls. Some miles north of Sioux Falls from a point along the Lone Tree Route I saw the quarter of land upon which I had filed a preemption in 1879. And it surely looked good to me. It was always a good hay land quarter, and that year there were so many hay stacks on it. I heartily wished that I could have that much hay on my Beadle County land.
As I said before Father and I went back from Moody County Dakota Territory about May 1st, 1879. We busied ourselves there about making a living. I was content to stay in Utica, but Father never lost the Dakota fever.
Six months of the year between my fourteenth and fifteenth birthdays I spent with a country blacksmith named Plummer, learning what I could in that time about blacksmithing. In later years this knowledge came in handy on the farm. It didn't take long for me to fix up an out of door forge where I could shoe horses, sharpen plows, and do considerable repair work for myself and others. Sometimes when I was busy in the field, a neighbor would come into my yard with a piece of work for me to do (most often it was a plow lay to sharpen). I would stop my work and attend to what he had brought. Sometimes a considerate one of these neighbors would take the lines from me and drive my horses at my work while I did his blacksmithing job.
After going back to Utica May 1st, 1879 I worked for a man that drilled wells--Frank Kately was his name. After I had worked a year for him I bought an interest in the driller--later I bought it all. Worked intermittently at well drilling until I was married --worked on the farm in the summer and drilled wells in the winter. --Was married in to Josephine Ferris who was born and brought up there in Utica.
During the time I was with Katley and later when on my own, I drilled wells for many nice people who gave me, green boy that I was, good training--training that has been valuable to me all through my life. I well remember one of them, a man named George Henry, a Scotchman and a member of the Minnesota Legislature. He had quite a family, mostly sons, that he was bringing up well. He didn't want anyone to use slang or improper language around his place. One evening while we were drilling for him one of his sons and I came into the house laughing and talking together. I was quite given to slang in those days, and I suppose he heard me use some on that occasion. However that may be, he called me to him, and in a kindly, considerate, and fatherly way he explained to me why at all times I should try to be a gentleman. It wasn't like a scolding--he gave me just good advice. I've always thanked him for that talk. There were so many fine, prosperous people in that part of Minnesota. Now those old folks are all dead, and their sons and grandsons aren't getting on so prosperously. More that twenty years ago out on the State Fair grounds here at Huron I met a man from Utica, Minnesota--his name was Campbell--he was exhibiting Clydesdale horses and Short Horn cattle at our fair. We sure had a good visit. You see Father and I had helped to raise Campbell's barn and new his place well. The barn was a big one--seventy two feet from the ground to the top of the cupola--three floors, first floor for stock, second floor for machinery and general store room, third floor for hay. I remember so well the day of that barn raising. Each man and each boy had a job. The young and the able-bodied did the heavy work: the boys ran errands and helped with the lighter work; the old men sat around and whittled out rounds for the ladders that went between the floors. The neighbor women helped indoors with the meals. In the evening we had quite a party at Campbell's.
As I said before I wasn't crazy to return to Dakota Territory; but Father was. He kept on talking about Dakota--he was all for leaving Minnesota and returning to Dakota. The outcome of it was we came here to Beadle County April 10, 1884. Had two cars in which we had some nice cows, four good horses, grain, two wagons, a seeder, two walking plows, our furniture, etc. It was always my plan to keep out of debt, not spend money I hadn't--in this plan my wife has always been a wonderful helpmate--so we proceeded very cautiously in the mater of establishing ourselves in Beadle County. I made my first harrow. Sam Gilbert, one of my Theresa Township neighbors, gave me an old harrow that he had discarded. The teeth in it were an inch square. The wooden pieces for my new harrow I sawed from an oak plank. Then with the aid of my out-of-door forge I got the teeth and straps off the old harrow, the teeth into the new oak strips, and the new all strapped together in place. And I had a good harrow that I used for many years.
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