Nobel Prize Recipient. Frederick Sanger, an English biochemist, received world-wide recognition after being awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry twice. He was the first person to received two Nobel Prizes in the category of Chemistry. Being well-respected in the scientific community, he first received the coveted award, according to the Nobel Prize Committee, "for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin." He received 18 nominations for the Nobel candidacy. In the 1940s, he began to research the composition of the insulin molecule by using acids to break the molecule into smaller parts, which were separated from one another with the help of electrophoresis and chromatography. In 1955, with further analyses, he determined the amino acid sequences in the molecule's two chains and how the chains are linked together. His further research made it possible for the British biologist, Francis Crick to discover DNA. In 1980 he received the second Nobel Prize in Chemistry, sharing this award with American chemists, Paul Berg and Walter Gilbert. According to the Nobel Prize committee, the men received the award "for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids." He and Gilbert received half of the monetary award, while Berg received the other half. The 1980 award was given for his 1977 discovery dealing with DNA. Born the middle child of three into a wealthy Quaker family, his father was a physician. His father did Anglican missionary work in China before returning to England, marrying and converting to being a Quaker. The summer before college, he was an exchange student in Germany and was forced to daily readings about Nazi politics. He had planned to follow in his father's career but changed his major after entering his father's alma mater. He was never a brilliant student but after enrolling in a brand-new course called "biochemistry," he excelled. In 1939 he attained his Bachelor of Arts Degree in Natural Science from St. John's College at Cambridge. As a conscientious objector during World War II, he was allowed to study for a Ph.D. degree in the Biochemistry Department earning his Ph.D. in 1943 in Philosophy, while working briefly as an orderly at a hospital. His thesis was "The Metabolism of the Amino Acid Lysine in the Animal Body". He decided to remain at Cambridge joining in a new laboratory with a group of other chemists studying insulin and other proteins. Several Nobel Prize recipients from the 1960s did their early research at this laboratory with him. Since his mother's family was wealthy, he could afford to do research without being paid until 1943 when his first child was born. He married in 1940 and the couple had two sons and a daughter. Besides the Nobel Prize, he was honored in 1954 by being elected to the Royal Society and received the Corday-Morgan Medal and Prize of the Chemical Society. He was named a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1963, but refused knighthood; received the Royal Society's Royal Medal in 1969 and the Copely Medal in 1977; elected to the Order of the Companions of Honors in 1981; the Order of Merit in 1986 and several more honors. In 1993 the Wellcome Trust and the British Medical Research Council established a genome research center, honoring Sanger by naming it the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; in the 21st Century this is one of the world's largest genomic research centers. During his teaching career, he had ten graduate students, with two receiving Nobel Prizes later in their careers. He retired in 1983 enjoying gardening and boating with his devoted wife and children. His wife died in 2012 and the next year, he died in his sleep at the age of 95 while a patient in a hospital.