Birth name:
Horace Lorenzo Conolly. Probably named for Horace Lorenzo Trim who wrote the words for Taps.
Father:
Unknown. Probably Edward Ingersoll of Philadelphia, 1790-1841, son of Hon Jared Ingersoll. Edward used the pen name Horace in the 1810s when Horace was a boy (Lillian Avery, A Genealogy of the Ingersoll Family). Horace studied law under John Devereaux of Salem in Philadelphia where Edward 'Horace' Ingersoll was employed (Putnam obituary following; Philadelphia city directories).
Mother:
Mary Conolly. Unmarried. Probably sent from Philadelphia to Salem to avoid Ingersoll embarrassment in Philadelphia. Worked as a domestic for Susannah Ingersoll at the future House of Seven Gables tourist attraction. She died when Horace was young and Horace was adopted by Susannah Ingersoll.
Adoptive mother:
Susannah Ingersoll who inherited the future House of Seven Gables tourist attraction. Never married.
Education:
- Elementary and Preparatory. John Southwick's; James Gerrish's, 1819; Oliver and Ames' Latin School, 1823, all in Salem.
- Undergraduate. Yale College in New Haven CT, 1828 to 1831. Transferred to and graduated from Washington College (now Trinity) in Hartford CT, 1832.
- Professional. > THEOLOGY with the Right Reverend Alexander Viets Griswold, bishop of the Episcopal Church's Eastern Diocese, at Salem's Saint Peter's Church. Ordained, 1834. Officially resigned ordination, Philadelphia Diocese, c1843. > LAW with John Devereaux of Salem in Philadelphia, 1839-1841, and David Roberts in Salem, 1841?ff. Commissioned as Justice of the Peace, May 19 1875 (Emory University Library's William Dummer Northend Collection). > MEDICINE at Boston Medical School, 1868, and Dartmouth College (date ?). No degree. No certificate. Employed as a physician, probably as a mesmerist.
Profession:
Episcopal Priest. Attorney. Physician.
Rectorships:
- Saint John's, Northampton MA, 1834.
- Saint Matthew's, South Boston, 1835-1838.
- Saint Mark's, Philadelphia, 1839-1841.
- Grace, New Bedford MA, 1841.
Marital Status:
Never married.
Horace met Nathaniel Hawthorne while at Yale College in New Haven CT. During the 1840s, Hawthorne visited often with Horace and his mother Susannah and based much of his work on the Ingersolls and their ancestors. See Horace Ingersoll and Nathaniel Hawthorne at end of this biography.
When Horace's adoptive mother Susannah Ingersoll died in 1858, Horace inherited the future House of Seven Gables tourist attraction and legally changed his name from Conolly to Ingersoll. Horace worked as an attorney in Boston and Salem until 1866 and rented his Salem residence; later, as a physician in Salem, and as both at the end of his life.
In 1879, Horace suffered bankruptcy, lost his House of Seven Gables residence, and lived in various rooming houses in downtown Salem - 85 Washington Street in 1881, 15 Barton Square in 1884, and, lastly, the Grimshawe House where Sophia Peabody, Hawthorne's future wife, had lived.
During the late 1880s and early 1890s, Horace Ingersoll was interviewed by various Hawthorne scholars and enthusiasts about Hawthorne, notably George Granville Putnam, William Dummer Northend, and George Henry Holden.
George Granville Putnam received from Horace a 100-person chart of Horace's ancestors (Peabody Essex Museum's Phillips Library, PEMPL, Fraser Clark Collection; The Nathaniel Hawthorne Journal 1971, pic of chart attached is based on Ingersoll's chart). Horace Ingersoll drew this chart to illustrate his numerous discussions about the similarities between his family's history and Hawthorne's work.
William Dummer Northend received essays from Horace Ingersoll about Hawthorne's work (Bowdoin College Library). Among other things, Ingersoll wrote that his House's 'missing' seventh gable was in the House's demolished north addition (see also Hawthorne to Conolly, May 1840). Susannah Ingersoll was a girl when the north addition was demolished and would have seen the 'missing' seventh gable. She informed both Horace and Hawthorne of this seventh gable. This seventh gable would have pointed west giving the House's west facade three front gables. Northend also received from Ingersoll Ingersoll family deeds and papers (Emory University Library's William Dummer Northend Collection; with family names as in the family chart, above; wrongly ascribed to Northend's work as an attorney).
George Granville Putnam wrote Horace Ingersoll's obituary biography in the September 13, 1894, Salem Daily Gazette (PEMPL card catalogue ascribes a similar scrapbook article to Putnam). Putnam probably received personal papers from Horace Ingersoll (PEMPL's Conolly Collection).
Horace Ingersoll was also interviewed in the early 1890s by Robert Rantoul who suspected that the Ingersoll Tomb was the former Governor Simon Bradstreet Tomb (Rantoul, Simon Bradstreet's Grave in The Salem Press Historical and Genealogical Record, v 2, 1892, pp 83-94). The location of Bradstreet's burial had been forgotten. History repeats itself. Sometime during the past 100 years, it was forgotten where the House of Seven Gables' Ingersolls and friends had been buried. The initial Bradstreet findagrave memorial neglected to include the so-called Bradstreet Tomb's current Ingersoll occupants.
Horace Lorenzo (Conolly) Ingersoll died September 12, 1894, and was buried in the last empty berth in the Burying Point's eight berth Ingersoll Tomb.
-----------------------
Horace Ingersoll and Nathaniel Hawthorne.
As much of Hawthorne's work was based on the Ingersoll family and ancestors and much of Horace's later life was spent sharing that story, a discussion of that subject is warranted.
Characters
During the 1840s, Hawthorne visited often with Horace, his mother Susannah, Maria Louisa H, and David Roberts at the Ingersoll residence and had pet names for each - the Emperor for himself, Empress for Maria Louisa, Duchess for Susannah, Chancellor for Roberts, and Cardinal for Horace. Hepzibah Pynchon in The House of Seven Gables, like Susannah Ingersoll, also had four regular guests - Clyfford P (Hawthorne), Holgrave {Horace), Phoebe P (Maria Louisa), and Uncle Venner (Roberts). The five Grandfather's Chair characters - grandfather (Hawthorne), and grandchildren Laurence, Charlie, Clara (Maria Louisa), and Alice (Susannah I) - resembled these two groups of five. Susannah Ingersoll and granddaughter Alice had cats with the same name, etc. Grandfather's Chair was inspired by Susannah Ingersoll (Hawthorne to Conolly, May 1840). Hawthorne's other Alices resembled Susannah Ingersoll. Other Hawthorne characters resembled these several groups of five.
Plots
Horace provided Hawthorne with several story ideas.
During Hawthorne's visit with Horace in New Haven, CT, they visited the graves of the Regicides. From came Hawthorne's short story The Gray Champion. Much of Nathaniel Hawthorne's fiction was inspired by Horace and his adoptive mother Susannah Ingersoll. While at Saint Matthew's in South Boston, Rev Horace heard the story of separated newlyweds in Acadia, Nova Scotia, from congregant Georgiana Haliburton. From that came The Old French War and Acadian Exiles chapter in Hawthorne's Grandfather's Chair and from a visit with Longfellow on April 5 1840 came Longfellow's 1847 poem Evangeline (Longfellow to Hawthorne, November 29 1847). It is, therefore, likely that Hawthorne had Horace and Susannah Ingersoll in mind when he wrote "The Great Stone Face" whose main characters are a widow and her son. Hawthorne mentions Horace's story ideas in his letter of ---- --, 18--.
Ingersoll family history became a part of Hawthorne's fiction (see family chart attached). Descendants of Horace's early ancestors on either side of the Salem Witch Trials incident married - accused witch Philip English's granddaughters Susannah and Mary Touzel, sisters, and Judge John Hathorne's grandsons John and William Hathorne, brothers, respectively - as did Phoebe Pynchon and Holgrave in the House of Seven Gables. Horace's immigrant ancestor Eleanor Story (Hollingsworth) was thought to have gotten pregnant without benefit of marriage (Rev William Bentley's funeral sermon for Susannah Hathorne Ingersoll) as did The Scarlet Letter's Hester Prynne. William Fairfax and Anne, his daughter, lived with Horace's ancestors John and Susannah Touzel on Essex Street, west corner of Cambridge Street. After moving to Fairfax VA, the Fairfaxes accused the family minister of having molested Ann as Hester Prynne in The Scarlet Letter. Many other minor Ingersoll family incidents became a part of Hawthorne's fiction. See Ingersoll's and Hawthorne's House of Seven Gables, below.
[Anne Fairfax married Lawrence Washington, George's half brother, inherited the Washington estate, and named it Mount Vernon. William Fairfax was in the Salem Customs service as was Hawthorne and the Scarlet Letter's Jonathan Pue. Sophia Peabody, Hawthorne's future wife, lived in the inherited Touzel House (landlady Mary Touzel Hathorne) in the early 1800s. The English-Touzel-Hathorne family and the Fairfaxes were founders of Saint Peter's Church where Horace studied theology and was ordained, and where the Scarlet Letter's Jonathan Pue was a member.]
Ingersoll's and Hawthorne's
House of Seven Gables.
There are many similarities between Ingersoll's and Hawthorne's House of Seven Gables, enough to assert that Hawthorne's fictional House was based on the Ingersoll House.
Horace Ingersoll's House of Seven Gables was built about 1630. Ingersoll, Hawthorne, and the House's current owner all believe(d) that John Turner I built the House's central 20x40 ft building in 1668 (focus.nps.gov/pdfhost/docs/NHLS/Text/73000323.pdf). That structure, however, has three framing systems - 1. the eastern 20x20 ft first floor with its rough frame, 2. the eastern 20x20 ft second floor, and 3. the 2 story, 20x20 ft, western half with two types of rafters - and two foundation systems, 20x20 ft each. Thus, the central 20x40 ft structure must have been built in three stages and not as a unit as was and is currently thought.
It is most likely that the House's oldest structure - the eastern, 20x20 foot, one story frame - is Salem's c1630 Marblehead ferry house where Richard Ingersoll, Salem's first Marblehead ferryman and Horace's immigrant ancestor lived. As in the House of Seven Gables where the Maule family loses its property and the property returns to a descendant's ownership, the immigrant Ingersoll's property returned to Ingersoll's descendants.
Salem quickly established another ferry house on Salem Neck and gave the first ferry house to Anne Moore who had lost her husband during their recent Atlantic crossing. Access to the ferry house and Ann Moore's cottage during the 1600s and early 1700s was from a path along the shore line. Turner Street as a public way ended where Derby Street is now and had a square "cul de sac" cart turn about (Sidney Perley, Part of Salem in 1700 No 23 in Essex Antiquarian, v 10).
Anne Moore's heirs sold the property to John Turner I in 1668 who added the 2 story, 20x20 ft westen structure in 1668, now the dining room, and, later, a second floor above the old ferry house salvaging two ferry house rafters that have mortise slots and bark. Turner added the south wing in 1677 and the north wing before 1693, both with west facing front gables. Likewise, Phoebe Pynchon's bedroom had a window facing east and a window facing west overlooking the garden as does the actual south wing. Access to the house was from the west, Hardy Street, and the current garden entrance was the House's front door.
The House was inherited by son John Turner II in 1697 and grandson John Turner III in 1742. John Turner III subdivided and rented the House, subdivided and sold the property, and extended Turner Street from Derby Street to the House to provide access to the House and the subdivided properties. Access to Hardy Street was blocked by the subdividing and the House's original front entrance became, again, the House's front entrance. This flip flopping of front entrances was Ingersoll's and Hawthorne's understanding of the House's history and on which Hawthorne based his fictional House's history. This is why the fictional House's floor plan with the front door as a reference is impossible to determine.
John Turner III sold the House to Captain Samuel Ingersoll about 1790. Captain Ingersoll removed the House's north addition in 1795 (William Bentley's diary, September 4). The House was inherited by daughter Susannah Ingersoll in 1811 after an inheritance battle with her mother's brother John Hathorne (Rev Bentley's Diary, December 8-9 1811; quitclaim deed John Hathorne to Susannah Ingersoll, March 24 1807, Emory University Library's Northend Collection which was never filed at the Essex County Registry of Deeds as one would expect in an inheritance battle). Both Uncle John Hathorne and ----- Pynchon entered their respective Houses without permission as would happen during an inheritance dispute.
The House was inherited by Horace Ingersoll in 1858. He lost the House due to bankruptcy in 1879.
With so many similarities between Horace Ingersoll's friends, ancestors, and home and Hawthorne's work, there can be no doubt that Horace Ingersoll's House of Seven Gables was Hawthorne's inspiration for his House of Seven Gables.
Horace Lorenzo Conolly. Probably named for Horace Lorenzo Trim who wrote the words for Taps.
Father:
Unknown. Probably Edward Ingersoll of Philadelphia, 1790-1841, son of Hon Jared Ingersoll. Edward used the pen name Horace in the 1810s when Horace was a boy (Lillian Avery, A Genealogy of the Ingersoll Family). Horace studied law under John Devereaux of Salem in Philadelphia where Edward 'Horace' Ingersoll was employed (Putnam obituary following; Philadelphia city directories).
Mother:
Mary Conolly. Unmarried. Probably sent from Philadelphia to Salem to avoid Ingersoll embarrassment in Philadelphia. Worked as a domestic for Susannah Ingersoll at the future House of Seven Gables tourist attraction. She died when Horace was young and Horace was adopted by Susannah Ingersoll.
Adoptive mother:
Susannah Ingersoll who inherited the future House of Seven Gables tourist attraction. Never married.
Education:
- Elementary and Preparatory. John Southwick's; James Gerrish's, 1819; Oliver and Ames' Latin School, 1823, all in Salem.
- Undergraduate. Yale College in New Haven CT, 1828 to 1831. Transferred to and graduated from Washington College (now Trinity) in Hartford CT, 1832.
- Professional. > THEOLOGY with the Right Reverend Alexander Viets Griswold, bishop of the Episcopal Church's Eastern Diocese, at Salem's Saint Peter's Church. Ordained, 1834. Officially resigned ordination, Philadelphia Diocese, c1843. > LAW with John Devereaux of Salem in Philadelphia, 1839-1841, and David Roberts in Salem, 1841?ff. Commissioned as Justice of the Peace, May 19 1875 (Emory University Library's William Dummer Northend Collection). > MEDICINE at Boston Medical School, 1868, and Dartmouth College (date ?). No degree. No certificate. Employed as a physician, probably as a mesmerist.
Profession:
Episcopal Priest. Attorney. Physician.
Rectorships:
- Saint John's, Northampton MA, 1834.
- Saint Matthew's, South Boston, 1835-1838.
- Saint Mark's, Philadelphia, 1839-1841.
- Grace, New Bedford MA, 1841.
Marital Status:
Never married.
Horace met Nathaniel Hawthorne while at Yale College in New Haven CT. During the 1840s, Hawthorne visited often with Horace and his mother Susannah and based much of his work on the Ingersolls and their ancestors. See Horace Ingersoll and Nathaniel Hawthorne at end of this biography.
When Horace's adoptive mother Susannah Ingersoll died in 1858, Horace inherited the future House of Seven Gables tourist attraction and legally changed his name from Conolly to Ingersoll. Horace worked as an attorney in Boston and Salem until 1866 and rented his Salem residence; later, as a physician in Salem, and as both at the end of his life.
In 1879, Horace suffered bankruptcy, lost his House of Seven Gables residence, and lived in various rooming houses in downtown Salem - 85 Washington Street in 1881, 15 Barton Square in 1884, and, lastly, the Grimshawe House where Sophia Peabody, Hawthorne's future wife, had lived.
During the late 1880s and early 1890s, Horace Ingersoll was interviewed by various Hawthorne scholars and enthusiasts about Hawthorne, notably George Granville Putnam, William Dummer Northend, and George Henry Holden.
George Granville Putnam received from Horace a 100-person chart of Horace's ancestors (Peabody Essex Museum's Phillips Library, PEMPL, Fraser Clark Collection; The Nathaniel Hawthorne Journal 1971, pic of chart attached is based on Ingersoll's chart). Horace Ingersoll drew this chart to illustrate his numerous discussions about the similarities between his family's history and Hawthorne's work.
William Dummer Northend received essays from Horace Ingersoll about Hawthorne's work (Bowdoin College Library). Among other things, Ingersoll wrote that his House's 'missing' seventh gable was in the House's demolished north addition (see also Hawthorne to Conolly, May 1840). Susannah Ingersoll was a girl when the north addition was demolished and would have seen the 'missing' seventh gable. She informed both Horace and Hawthorne of this seventh gable. This seventh gable would have pointed west giving the House's west facade three front gables. Northend also received from Ingersoll Ingersoll family deeds and papers (Emory University Library's William Dummer Northend Collection; with family names as in the family chart, above; wrongly ascribed to Northend's work as an attorney).
George Granville Putnam wrote Horace Ingersoll's obituary biography in the September 13, 1894, Salem Daily Gazette (PEMPL card catalogue ascribes a similar scrapbook article to Putnam). Putnam probably received personal papers from Horace Ingersoll (PEMPL's Conolly Collection).
Horace Ingersoll was also interviewed in the early 1890s by Robert Rantoul who suspected that the Ingersoll Tomb was the former Governor Simon Bradstreet Tomb (Rantoul, Simon Bradstreet's Grave in The Salem Press Historical and Genealogical Record, v 2, 1892, pp 83-94). The location of Bradstreet's burial had been forgotten. History repeats itself. Sometime during the past 100 years, it was forgotten where the House of Seven Gables' Ingersolls and friends had been buried. The initial Bradstreet findagrave memorial neglected to include the so-called Bradstreet Tomb's current Ingersoll occupants.
Horace Lorenzo (Conolly) Ingersoll died September 12, 1894, and was buried in the last empty berth in the Burying Point's eight berth Ingersoll Tomb.
-----------------------
Horace Ingersoll and Nathaniel Hawthorne.
As much of Hawthorne's work was based on the Ingersoll family and ancestors and much of Horace's later life was spent sharing that story, a discussion of that subject is warranted.
Characters
During the 1840s, Hawthorne visited often with Horace, his mother Susannah, Maria Louisa H, and David Roberts at the Ingersoll residence and had pet names for each - the Emperor for himself, Empress for Maria Louisa, Duchess for Susannah, Chancellor for Roberts, and Cardinal for Horace. Hepzibah Pynchon in The House of Seven Gables, like Susannah Ingersoll, also had four regular guests - Clyfford P (Hawthorne), Holgrave {Horace), Phoebe P (Maria Louisa), and Uncle Venner (Roberts). The five Grandfather's Chair characters - grandfather (Hawthorne), and grandchildren Laurence, Charlie, Clara (Maria Louisa), and Alice (Susannah I) - resembled these two groups of five. Susannah Ingersoll and granddaughter Alice had cats with the same name, etc. Grandfather's Chair was inspired by Susannah Ingersoll (Hawthorne to Conolly, May 1840). Hawthorne's other Alices resembled Susannah Ingersoll. Other Hawthorne characters resembled these several groups of five.
Plots
Horace provided Hawthorne with several story ideas.
During Hawthorne's visit with Horace in New Haven, CT, they visited the graves of the Regicides. From came Hawthorne's short story The Gray Champion. Much of Nathaniel Hawthorne's fiction was inspired by Horace and his adoptive mother Susannah Ingersoll. While at Saint Matthew's in South Boston, Rev Horace heard the story of separated newlyweds in Acadia, Nova Scotia, from congregant Georgiana Haliburton. From that came The Old French War and Acadian Exiles chapter in Hawthorne's Grandfather's Chair and from a visit with Longfellow on April 5 1840 came Longfellow's 1847 poem Evangeline (Longfellow to Hawthorne, November 29 1847). It is, therefore, likely that Hawthorne had Horace and Susannah Ingersoll in mind when he wrote "The Great Stone Face" whose main characters are a widow and her son. Hawthorne mentions Horace's story ideas in his letter of ---- --, 18--.
Ingersoll family history became a part of Hawthorne's fiction (see family chart attached). Descendants of Horace's early ancestors on either side of the Salem Witch Trials incident married - accused witch Philip English's granddaughters Susannah and Mary Touzel, sisters, and Judge John Hathorne's grandsons John and William Hathorne, brothers, respectively - as did Phoebe Pynchon and Holgrave in the House of Seven Gables. Horace's immigrant ancestor Eleanor Story (Hollingsworth) was thought to have gotten pregnant without benefit of marriage (Rev William Bentley's funeral sermon for Susannah Hathorne Ingersoll) as did The Scarlet Letter's Hester Prynne. William Fairfax and Anne, his daughter, lived with Horace's ancestors John and Susannah Touzel on Essex Street, west corner of Cambridge Street. After moving to Fairfax VA, the Fairfaxes accused the family minister of having molested Ann as Hester Prynne in The Scarlet Letter. Many other minor Ingersoll family incidents became a part of Hawthorne's fiction. See Ingersoll's and Hawthorne's House of Seven Gables, below.
[Anne Fairfax married Lawrence Washington, George's half brother, inherited the Washington estate, and named it Mount Vernon. William Fairfax was in the Salem Customs service as was Hawthorne and the Scarlet Letter's Jonathan Pue. Sophia Peabody, Hawthorne's future wife, lived in the inherited Touzel House (landlady Mary Touzel Hathorne) in the early 1800s. The English-Touzel-Hathorne family and the Fairfaxes were founders of Saint Peter's Church where Horace studied theology and was ordained, and where the Scarlet Letter's Jonathan Pue was a member.]
Ingersoll's and Hawthorne's
House of Seven Gables.
There are many similarities between Ingersoll's and Hawthorne's House of Seven Gables, enough to assert that Hawthorne's fictional House was based on the Ingersoll House.
Horace Ingersoll's House of Seven Gables was built about 1630. Ingersoll, Hawthorne, and the House's current owner all believe(d) that John Turner I built the House's central 20x40 ft building in 1668 (focus.nps.gov/pdfhost/docs/NHLS/Text/73000323.pdf). That structure, however, has three framing systems - 1. the eastern 20x20 ft first floor with its rough frame, 2. the eastern 20x20 ft second floor, and 3. the 2 story, 20x20 ft, western half with two types of rafters - and two foundation systems, 20x20 ft each. Thus, the central 20x40 ft structure must have been built in three stages and not as a unit as was and is currently thought.
It is most likely that the House's oldest structure - the eastern, 20x20 foot, one story frame - is Salem's c1630 Marblehead ferry house where Richard Ingersoll, Salem's first Marblehead ferryman and Horace's immigrant ancestor lived. As in the House of Seven Gables where the Maule family loses its property and the property returns to a descendant's ownership, the immigrant Ingersoll's property returned to Ingersoll's descendants.
Salem quickly established another ferry house on Salem Neck and gave the first ferry house to Anne Moore who had lost her husband during their recent Atlantic crossing. Access to the ferry house and Ann Moore's cottage during the 1600s and early 1700s was from a path along the shore line. Turner Street as a public way ended where Derby Street is now and had a square "cul de sac" cart turn about (Sidney Perley, Part of Salem in 1700 No 23 in Essex Antiquarian, v 10).
Anne Moore's heirs sold the property to John Turner I in 1668 who added the 2 story, 20x20 ft westen structure in 1668, now the dining room, and, later, a second floor above the old ferry house salvaging two ferry house rafters that have mortise slots and bark. Turner added the south wing in 1677 and the north wing before 1693, both with west facing front gables. Likewise, Phoebe Pynchon's bedroom had a window facing east and a window facing west overlooking the garden as does the actual south wing. Access to the house was from the west, Hardy Street, and the current garden entrance was the House's front door.
The House was inherited by son John Turner II in 1697 and grandson John Turner III in 1742. John Turner III subdivided and rented the House, subdivided and sold the property, and extended Turner Street from Derby Street to the House to provide access to the House and the subdivided properties. Access to Hardy Street was blocked by the subdividing and the House's original front entrance became, again, the House's front entrance. This flip flopping of front entrances was Ingersoll's and Hawthorne's understanding of the House's history and on which Hawthorne based his fictional House's history. This is why the fictional House's floor plan with the front door as a reference is impossible to determine.
John Turner III sold the House to Captain Samuel Ingersoll about 1790. Captain Ingersoll removed the House's north addition in 1795 (William Bentley's diary, September 4). The House was inherited by daughter Susannah Ingersoll in 1811 after an inheritance battle with her mother's brother John Hathorne (Rev Bentley's Diary, December 8-9 1811; quitclaim deed John Hathorne to Susannah Ingersoll, March 24 1807, Emory University Library's Northend Collection which was never filed at the Essex County Registry of Deeds as one would expect in an inheritance battle). Both Uncle John Hathorne and ----- Pynchon entered their respective Houses without permission as would happen during an inheritance dispute.
The House was inherited by Horace Ingersoll in 1858. He lost the House due to bankruptcy in 1879.
With so many similarities between Horace Ingersoll's friends, ancestors, and home and Hawthorne's work, there can be no doubt that Horace Ingersoll's House of Seven Gables was Hawthorne's inspiration for his House of Seven Gables.
Birth name:
Horace Lorenzo Conolly. Probably named for Horace Lorenzo Trim who wrote the words for Taps.
Father:
Unknown. Probably Edward Ingersoll of Philadelphia, 1790-1841, son of Hon Jared Ingersoll. Edward used the pen name Horace in the 1810s when Horace was a boy (Lillian Avery, A Genealogy of the Ingersoll Family). Horace studied law under John Devereaux of Salem in Philadelphia where Edward 'Horace' Ingersoll was employed (Putnam obituary following; Philadelphia city directories).
Mother:
Mary Conolly. Unmarried. Probably sent from Philadelphia to Salem to avoid Ingersoll embarrassment in Philadelphia. Worked as a domestic for Susannah Ingersoll at the future House of Seven Gables tourist attraction. She died when Horace was young and Horace was adopted by Susannah Ingersoll.
Adoptive mother:
Susannah Ingersoll who inherited the future House of Seven Gables tourist attraction. Never married.
Education:
- Elementary and Preparatory. John Southwick's; James Gerrish's, 1819; Oliver and Ames' Latin School, 1823, all in Salem.
- Undergraduate. Yale College in New Haven CT, 1828 to 1831. Transferred to and graduated from Washington College (now Trinity) in Hartford CT, 1832.
- Professional. > THEOLOGY with the Right Reverend Alexander Viets Griswold, bishop of the Episcopal Church's Eastern Diocese, at Salem's Saint Peter's Church. Ordained, 1834. Officially resigned ordination, Philadelphia Diocese, c1843. > LAW with John Devereaux of Salem in Philadelphia, 1839-1841, and David Roberts in Salem, 1841?ff. Commissioned as Justice of the Peace, May 19 1875 (Emory University Library's William Dummer Northend Collection). > MEDICINE at Boston Medical School, 1868, and Dartmouth College (date ?). No degree. No certificate. Employed as a physician, probably as a mesmerist.
Profession:
Episcopal Priest. Attorney. Physician.
Rectorships:
- Saint John's, Northampton MA, 1834.
- Saint Matthew's, South Boston, 1835-1838.
- Saint Mark's, Philadelphia, 1839-1841.
- Grace, New Bedford MA, 1841.
Marital Status:
Never married.
Horace met Nathaniel Hawthorne while at Yale College in New Haven CT. During the 1840s, Hawthorne visited often with Horace and his mother Susannah and based much of his work on the Ingersolls and their ancestors. See Horace Ingersoll and Nathaniel Hawthorne at end of this biography.
When Horace's adoptive mother Susannah Ingersoll died in 1858, Horace inherited the future House of Seven Gables tourist attraction and legally changed his name from Conolly to Ingersoll. Horace worked as an attorney in Boston and Salem until 1866 and rented his Salem residence; later, as a physician in Salem, and as both at the end of his life.
In 1879, Horace suffered bankruptcy, lost his House of Seven Gables residence, and lived in various rooming houses in downtown Salem - 85 Washington Street in 1881, 15 Barton Square in 1884, and, lastly, the Grimshawe House where Sophia Peabody, Hawthorne's future wife, had lived.
During the late 1880s and early 1890s, Horace Ingersoll was interviewed by various Hawthorne scholars and enthusiasts about Hawthorne, notably George Granville Putnam, William Dummer Northend, and George Henry Holden.
George Granville Putnam received from Horace a 100-person chart of Horace's ancestors (Peabody Essex Museum's Phillips Library, PEMPL, Fraser Clark Collection; The Nathaniel Hawthorne Journal 1971, pic of chart attached is based on Ingersoll's chart). Horace Ingersoll drew this chart to illustrate his numerous discussions about the similarities between his family's history and Hawthorne's work.
William Dummer Northend received essays from Horace Ingersoll about Hawthorne's work (Bowdoin College Library). Among other things, Ingersoll wrote that his House's 'missing' seventh gable was in the House's demolished north addition (see also Hawthorne to Conolly, May 1840). Susannah Ingersoll was a girl when the north addition was demolished and would have seen the 'missing' seventh gable. She informed both Horace and Hawthorne of this seventh gable. This seventh gable would have pointed west giving the House's west facade three front gables. Northend also received from Ingersoll Ingersoll family deeds and papers (Emory University Library's William Dummer Northend Collection; with family names as in the family chart, above; wrongly ascribed to Northend's work as an attorney).
George Granville Putnam wrote Horace Ingersoll's obituary biography in the September 13, 1894, Salem Daily Gazette (PEMPL card catalogue ascribes a similar scrapbook article to Putnam). Putnam probably received personal papers from Horace Ingersoll (PEMPL's Conolly Collection).
Horace Ingersoll was also interviewed in the early 1890s by Robert Rantoul who suspected that the Ingersoll Tomb was the former Governor Simon Bradstreet Tomb (Rantoul, Simon Bradstreet's Grave in The Salem Press Historical and Genealogical Record, v 2, 1892, pp 83-94). The location of Bradstreet's burial had been forgotten. History repeats itself. Sometime during the past 100 years, it was forgotten where the House of Seven Gables' Ingersolls and friends had been buried. The initial Bradstreet findagrave memorial neglected to include the so-called Bradstreet Tomb's current Ingersoll occupants.
Horace Lorenzo (Conolly) Ingersoll died September 12, 1894, and was buried in the last empty berth in the Burying Point's eight berth Ingersoll Tomb.
-----------------------
Horace Ingersoll and Nathaniel Hawthorne.
As much of Hawthorne's work was based on the Ingersoll family and ancestors and much of Horace's later life was spent sharing that story, a discussion of that subject is warranted.
Characters
During the 1840s, Hawthorne visited often with Horace, his mother Susannah, Maria Louisa H, and David Roberts at the Ingersoll residence and had pet names for each - the Emperor for himself, Empress for Maria Louisa, Duchess for Susannah, Chancellor for Roberts, and Cardinal for Horace. Hepzibah Pynchon in The House of Seven Gables, like Susannah Ingersoll, also had four regular guests - Clyfford P (Hawthorne), Holgrave {Horace), Phoebe P (Maria Louisa), and Uncle Venner (Roberts). The five Grandfather's Chair characters - grandfather (Hawthorne), and grandchildren Laurence, Charlie, Clara (Maria Louisa), and Alice (Susannah I) - resembled these two groups of five. Susannah Ingersoll and granddaughter Alice had cats with the same name, etc. Grandfather's Chair was inspired by Susannah Ingersoll (Hawthorne to Conolly, May 1840). Hawthorne's other Alices resembled Susannah Ingersoll. Other Hawthorne characters resembled these several groups of five.
Plots
Horace provided Hawthorne with several story ideas.
During Hawthorne's visit with Horace in New Haven, CT, they visited the graves of the Regicides. From came Hawthorne's short story The Gray Champion. Much of Nathaniel Hawthorne's fiction was inspired by Horace and his adoptive mother Susannah Ingersoll. While at Saint Matthew's in South Boston, Rev Horace heard the story of separated newlyweds in Acadia, Nova Scotia, from congregant Georgiana Haliburton. From that came The Old French War and Acadian Exiles chapter in Hawthorne's Grandfather's Chair and from a visit with Longfellow on April 5 1840 came Longfellow's 1847 poem Evangeline (Longfellow to Hawthorne, November 29 1847). It is, therefore, likely that Hawthorne had Horace and Susannah Ingersoll in mind when he wrote "The Great Stone Face" whose main characters are a widow and her son. Hawthorne mentions Horace's story ideas in his letter of ---- --, 18--.
Ingersoll family history became a part of Hawthorne's fiction (see family chart attached). Descendants of Horace's early ancestors on either side of the Salem Witch Trials incident married - accused witch Philip English's granddaughters Susannah and Mary Touzel, sisters, and Judge John Hathorne's grandsons John and William Hathorne, brothers, respectively - as did Phoebe Pynchon and Holgrave in the House of Seven Gables. Horace's immigrant ancestor Eleanor Story (Hollingsworth) was thought to have gotten pregnant without benefit of marriage (Rev William Bentley's funeral sermon for Susannah Hathorne Ingersoll) as did The Scarlet Letter's Hester Prynne. William Fairfax and Anne, his daughter, lived with Horace's ancestors John and Susannah Touzel on Essex Street, west corner of Cambridge Street. After moving to Fairfax VA, the Fairfaxes accused the family minister of having molested Ann as Hester Prynne in The Scarlet Letter. Many other minor Ingersoll family incidents became a part of Hawthorne's fiction. See Ingersoll's and Hawthorne's House of Seven Gables, below.
[Anne Fairfax married Lawrence Washington, George's half brother, inherited the Washington estate, and named it Mount Vernon. William Fairfax was in the Salem Customs service as was Hawthorne and the Scarlet Letter's Jonathan Pue. Sophia Peabody, Hawthorne's future wife, lived in the inherited Touzel House (landlady Mary Touzel Hathorne) in the early 1800s. The English-Touzel-Hathorne family and the Fairfaxes were founders of Saint Peter's Church where Horace studied theology and was ordained, and where the Scarlet Letter's Jonathan Pue was a member.]
Ingersoll's and Hawthorne's
House of Seven Gables.
There are many similarities between Ingersoll's and Hawthorne's House of Seven Gables, enough to assert that Hawthorne's fictional House was based on the Ingersoll House.
Horace Ingersoll's House of Seven Gables was built about 1630. Ingersoll, Hawthorne, and the House's current owner all believe(d) that John Turner I built the House's central 20x40 ft building in 1668 (focus.nps.gov/pdfhost/docs/NHLS/Text/73000323.pdf). That structure, however, has three framing systems - 1. the eastern 20x20 ft first floor with its rough frame, 2. the eastern 20x20 ft second floor, and 3. the 2 story, 20x20 ft, western half with two types of rafters - and two foundation systems, 20x20 ft each. Thus, the central 20x40 ft structure must have been built in three stages and not as a unit as was and is currently thought.
It is most likely that the House's oldest structure - the eastern, 20x20 foot, one story frame - is Salem's c1630 Marblehead ferry house where Richard Ingersoll, Salem's first Marblehead ferryman and Horace's immigrant ancestor lived. As in the House of Seven Gables where the Maule family loses its property and the property returns to a descendant's ownership, the immigrant Ingersoll's property returned to Ingersoll's descendants.
Salem quickly established another ferry house on Salem Neck and gave the first ferry house to Anne Moore who had lost her husband during their recent Atlantic crossing. Access to the ferry house and Ann Moore's cottage during the 1600s and early 1700s was from a path along the shore line. Turner Street as a public way ended where Derby Street is now and had a square "cul de sac" cart turn about (Sidney Perley, Part of Salem in 1700 No 23 in Essex Antiquarian, v 10).
Anne Moore's heirs sold the property to John Turner I in 1668 who added the 2 story, 20x20 ft westen structure in 1668, now the dining room, and, later, a second floor above the old ferry house salvaging two ferry house rafters that have mortise slots and bark. Turner added the south wing in 1677 and the north wing before 1693, both with west facing front gables. Likewise, Phoebe Pynchon's bedroom had a window facing east and a window facing west overlooking the garden as does the actual south wing. Access to the house was from the west, Hardy Street, and the current garden entrance was the House's front door.
The House was inherited by son John Turner II in 1697 and grandson John Turner III in 1742. John Turner III subdivided and rented the House, subdivided and sold the property, and extended Turner Street from Derby Street to the House to provide access to the House and the subdivided properties. Access to Hardy Street was blocked by the subdividing and the House's original front entrance became, again, the House's front entrance. This flip flopping of front entrances was Ingersoll's and Hawthorne's understanding of the House's history and on which Hawthorne based his fictional House's history. This is why the fictional House's floor plan with the front door as a reference is impossible to determine.
John Turner III sold the House to Captain Samuel Ingersoll about 1790. Captain Ingersoll removed the House's north addition in 1795 (William Bentley's diary, September 4). The House was inherited by daughter Susannah Ingersoll in 1811 after an inheritance battle with her mother's brother John Hathorne (Rev Bentley's Diary, December 8-9 1811; quitclaim deed John Hathorne to Susannah Ingersoll, March 24 1807, Emory University Library's Northend Collection which was never filed at the Essex County Registry of Deeds as one would expect in an inheritance battle). Both Uncle John Hathorne and ----- Pynchon entered their respective Houses without permission as would happen during an inheritance dispute.
The House was inherited by Horace Ingersoll in 1858. He lost the House due to bankruptcy in 1879.
With so many similarities between Horace Ingersoll's friends, ancestors, and home and Hawthorne's work, there can be no doubt that Horace Ingersoll's House of Seven Gables was Hawthorne's inspiration for his House of Seven Gables.
Horace Lorenzo Conolly. Probably named for Horace Lorenzo Trim who wrote the words for Taps.
Father:
Unknown. Probably Edward Ingersoll of Philadelphia, 1790-1841, son of Hon Jared Ingersoll. Edward used the pen name Horace in the 1810s when Horace was a boy (Lillian Avery, A Genealogy of the Ingersoll Family). Horace studied law under John Devereaux of Salem in Philadelphia where Edward 'Horace' Ingersoll was employed (Putnam obituary following; Philadelphia city directories).
Mother:
Mary Conolly. Unmarried. Probably sent from Philadelphia to Salem to avoid Ingersoll embarrassment in Philadelphia. Worked as a domestic for Susannah Ingersoll at the future House of Seven Gables tourist attraction. She died when Horace was young and Horace was adopted by Susannah Ingersoll.
Adoptive mother:
Susannah Ingersoll who inherited the future House of Seven Gables tourist attraction. Never married.
Education:
- Elementary and Preparatory. John Southwick's; James Gerrish's, 1819; Oliver and Ames' Latin School, 1823, all in Salem.
- Undergraduate. Yale College in New Haven CT, 1828 to 1831. Transferred to and graduated from Washington College (now Trinity) in Hartford CT, 1832.
- Professional. > THEOLOGY with the Right Reverend Alexander Viets Griswold, bishop of the Episcopal Church's Eastern Diocese, at Salem's Saint Peter's Church. Ordained, 1834. Officially resigned ordination, Philadelphia Diocese, c1843. > LAW with John Devereaux of Salem in Philadelphia, 1839-1841, and David Roberts in Salem, 1841?ff. Commissioned as Justice of the Peace, May 19 1875 (Emory University Library's William Dummer Northend Collection). > MEDICINE at Boston Medical School, 1868, and Dartmouth College (date ?). No degree. No certificate. Employed as a physician, probably as a mesmerist.
Profession:
Episcopal Priest. Attorney. Physician.
Rectorships:
- Saint John's, Northampton MA, 1834.
- Saint Matthew's, South Boston, 1835-1838.
- Saint Mark's, Philadelphia, 1839-1841.
- Grace, New Bedford MA, 1841.
Marital Status:
Never married.
Horace met Nathaniel Hawthorne while at Yale College in New Haven CT. During the 1840s, Hawthorne visited often with Horace and his mother Susannah and based much of his work on the Ingersolls and their ancestors. See Horace Ingersoll and Nathaniel Hawthorne at end of this biography.
When Horace's adoptive mother Susannah Ingersoll died in 1858, Horace inherited the future House of Seven Gables tourist attraction and legally changed his name from Conolly to Ingersoll. Horace worked as an attorney in Boston and Salem until 1866 and rented his Salem residence; later, as a physician in Salem, and as both at the end of his life.
In 1879, Horace suffered bankruptcy, lost his House of Seven Gables residence, and lived in various rooming houses in downtown Salem - 85 Washington Street in 1881, 15 Barton Square in 1884, and, lastly, the Grimshawe House where Sophia Peabody, Hawthorne's future wife, had lived.
During the late 1880s and early 1890s, Horace Ingersoll was interviewed by various Hawthorne scholars and enthusiasts about Hawthorne, notably George Granville Putnam, William Dummer Northend, and George Henry Holden.
George Granville Putnam received from Horace a 100-person chart of Horace's ancestors (Peabody Essex Museum's Phillips Library, PEMPL, Fraser Clark Collection; The Nathaniel Hawthorne Journal 1971, pic of chart attached is based on Ingersoll's chart). Horace Ingersoll drew this chart to illustrate his numerous discussions about the similarities between his family's history and Hawthorne's work.
William Dummer Northend received essays from Horace Ingersoll about Hawthorne's work (Bowdoin College Library). Among other things, Ingersoll wrote that his House's 'missing' seventh gable was in the House's demolished north addition (see also Hawthorne to Conolly, May 1840). Susannah Ingersoll was a girl when the north addition was demolished and would have seen the 'missing' seventh gable. She informed both Horace and Hawthorne of this seventh gable. This seventh gable would have pointed west giving the House's west facade three front gables. Northend also received from Ingersoll Ingersoll family deeds and papers (Emory University Library's William Dummer Northend Collection; with family names as in the family chart, above; wrongly ascribed to Northend's work as an attorney).
George Granville Putnam wrote Horace Ingersoll's obituary biography in the September 13, 1894, Salem Daily Gazette (PEMPL card catalogue ascribes a similar scrapbook article to Putnam). Putnam probably received personal papers from Horace Ingersoll (PEMPL's Conolly Collection).
Horace Ingersoll was also interviewed in the early 1890s by Robert Rantoul who suspected that the Ingersoll Tomb was the former Governor Simon Bradstreet Tomb (Rantoul, Simon Bradstreet's Grave in The Salem Press Historical and Genealogical Record, v 2, 1892, pp 83-94). The location of Bradstreet's burial had been forgotten. History repeats itself. Sometime during the past 100 years, it was forgotten where the House of Seven Gables' Ingersolls and friends had been buried. The initial Bradstreet findagrave memorial neglected to include the so-called Bradstreet Tomb's current Ingersoll occupants.
Horace Lorenzo (Conolly) Ingersoll died September 12, 1894, and was buried in the last empty berth in the Burying Point's eight berth Ingersoll Tomb.
-----------------------
Horace Ingersoll and Nathaniel Hawthorne.
As much of Hawthorne's work was based on the Ingersoll family and ancestors and much of Horace's later life was spent sharing that story, a discussion of that subject is warranted.
Characters
During the 1840s, Hawthorne visited often with Horace, his mother Susannah, Maria Louisa H, and David Roberts at the Ingersoll residence and had pet names for each - the Emperor for himself, Empress for Maria Louisa, Duchess for Susannah, Chancellor for Roberts, and Cardinal for Horace. Hepzibah Pynchon in The House of Seven Gables, like Susannah Ingersoll, also had four regular guests - Clyfford P (Hawthorne), Holgrave {Horace), Phoebe P (Maria Louisa), and Uncle Venner (Roberts). The five Grandfather's Chair characters - grandfather (Hawthorne), and grandchildren Laurence, Charlie, Clara (Maria Louisa), and Alice (Susannah I) - resembled these two groups of five. Susannah Ingersoll and granddaughter Alice had cats with the same name, etc. Grandfather's Chair was inspired by Susannah Ingersoll (Hawthorne to Conolly, May 1840). Hawthorne's other Alices resembled Susannah Ingersoll. Other Hawthorne characters resembled these several groups of five.
Plots
Horace provided Hawthorne with several story ideas.
During Hawthorne's visit with Horace in New Haven, CT, they visited the graves of the Regicides. From came Hawthorne's short story The Gray Champion. Much of Nathaniel Hawthorne's fiction was inspired by Horace and his adoptive mother Susannah Ingersoll. While at Saint Matthew's in South Boston, Rev Horace heard the story of separated newlyweds in Acadia, Nova Scotia, from congregant Georgiana Haliburton. From that came The Old French War and Acadian Exiles chapter in Hawthorne's Grandfather's Chair and from a visit with Longfellow on April 5 1840 came Longfellow's 1847 poem Evangeline (Longfellow to Hawthorne, November 29 1847). It is, therefore, likely that Hawthorne had Horace and Susannah Ingersoll in mind when he wrote "The Great Stone Face" whose main characters are a widow and her son. Hawthorne mentions Horace's story ideas in his letter of ---- --, 18--.
Ingersoll family history became a part of Hawthorne's fiction (see family chart attached). Descendants of Horace's early ancestors on either side of the Salem Witch Trials incident married - accused witch Philip English's granddaughters Susannah and Mary Touzel, sisters, and Judge John Hathorne's grandsons John and William Hathorne, brothers, respectively - as did Phoebe Pynchon and Holgrave in the House of Seven Gables. Horace's immigrant ancestor Eleanor Story (Hollingsworth) was thought to have gotten pregnant without benefit of marriage (Rev William Bentley's funeral sermon for Susannah Hathorne Ingersoll) as did The Scarlet Letter's Hester Prynne. William Fairfax and Anne, his daughter, lived with Horace's ancestors John and Susannah Touzel on Essex Street, west corner of Cambridge Street. After moving to Fairfax VA, the Fairfaxes accused the family minister of having molested Ann as Hester Prynne in The Scarlet Letter. Many other minor Ingersoll family incidents became a part of Hawthorne's fiction. See Ingersoll's and Hawthorne's House of Seven Gables, below.
[Anne Fairfax married Lawrence Washington, George's half brother, inherited the Washington estate, and named it Mount Vernon. William Fairfax was in the Salem Customs service as was Hawthorne and the Scarlet Letter's Jonathan Pue. Sophia Peabody, Hawthorne's future wife, lived in the inherited Touzel House (landlady Mary Touzel Hathorne) in the early 1800s. The English-Touzel-Hathorne family and the Fairfaxes were founders of Saint Peter's Church where Horace studied theology and was ordained, and where the Scarlet Letter's Jonathan Pue was a member.]
Ingersoll's and Hawthorne's
House of Seven Gables.
There are many similarities between Ingersoll's and Hawthorne's House of Seven Gables, enough to assert that Hawthorne's fictional House was based on the Ingersoll House.
Horace Ingersoll's House of Seven Gables was built about 1630. Ingersoll, Hawthorne, and the House's current owner all believe(d) that John Turner I built the House's central 20x40 ft building in 1668 (focus.nps.gov/pdfhost/docs/NHLS/Text/73000323.pdf). That structure, however, has three framing systems - 1. the eastern 20x20 ft first floor with its rough frame, 2. the eastern 20x20 ft second floor, and 3. the 2 story, 20x20 ft, western half with two types of rafters - and two foundation systems, 20x20 ft each. Thus, the central 20x40 ft structure must have been built in three stages and not as a unit as was and is currently thought.
It is most likely that the House's oldest structure - the eastern, 20x20 foot, one story frame - is Salem's c1630 Marblehead ferry house where Richard Ingersoll, Salem's first Marblehead ferryman and Horace's immigrant ancestor lived. As in the House of Seven Gables where the Maule family loses its property and the property returns to a descendant's ownership, the immigrant Ingersoll's property returned to Ingersoll's descendants.
Salem quickly established another ferry house on Salem Neck and gave the first ferry house to Anne Moore who had lost her husband during their recent Atlantic crossing. Access to the ferry house and Ann Moore's cottage during the 1600s and early 1700s was from a path along the shore line. Turner Street as a public way ended where Derby Street is now and had a square "cul de sac" cart turn about (Sidney Perley, Part of Salem in 1700 No 23 in Essex Antiquarian, v 10).
Anne Moore's heirs sold the property to John Turner I in 1668 who added the 2 story, 20x20 ft westen structure in 1668, now the dining room, and, later, a second floor above the old ferry house salvaging two ferry house rafters that have mortise slots and bark. Turner added the south wing in 1677 and the north wing before 1693, both with west facing front gables. Likewise, Phoebe Pynchon's bedroom had a window facing east and a window facing west overlooking the garden as does the actual south wing. Access to the house was from the west, Hardy Street, and the current garden entrance was the House's front door.
The House was inherited by son John Turner II in 1697 and grandson John Turner III in 1742. John Turner III subdivided and rented the House, subdivided and sold the property, and extended Turner Street from Derby Street to the House to provide access to the House and the subdivided properties. Access to Hardy Street was blocked by the subdividing and the House's original front entrance became, again, the House's front entrance. This flip flopping of front entrances was Ingersoll's and Hawthorne's understanding of the House's history and on which Hawthorne based his fictional House's history. This is why the fictional House's floor plan with the front door as a reference is impossible to determine.
John Turner III sold the House to Captain Samuel Ingersoll about 1790. Captain Ingersoll removed the House's north addition in 1795 (William Bentley's diary, September 4). The House was inherited by daughter Susannah Ingersoll in 1811 after an inheritance battle with her mother's brother John Hathorne (Rev Bentley's Diary, December 8-9 1811; quitclaim deed John Hathorne to Susannah Ingersoll, March 24 1807, Emory University Library's Northend Collection which was never filed at the Essex County Registry of Deeds as one would expect in an inheritance battle). Both Uncle John Hathorne and ----- Pynchon entered their respective Houses without permission as would happen during an inheritance dispute.
The House was inherited by Horace Ingersoll in 1858. He lost the House due to bankruptcy in 1879.
With so many similarities between Horace Ingersoll's friends, ancestors, and home and Hawthorne's work, there can be no doubt that Horace Ingersoll's House of Seven Gables was Hawthorne's inspiration for his House of Seven Gables.
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