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Graduate of military school at Paris, served in North Africa, left to volunteer with Garibaldi in Italy 1860, then Civil War service, a key instigator in the 1864 effort to replace Lincoln as the Republican nominee with John C. Fremont. After the Civil War, a Radical Republican, and an active leader of the Fenians. Returning to France, he joined the International Workingmen's Association, attempted to spark local insurrections at Lyon and Marseille during the Franco-Prussian War, became the Minister of War for the Paris Commune of 1871, driven into exile with its repression, returned and served as a Socialist in the French National Assembly.
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Graduate of military school at Paris, served in North Africa, left to volunteer with Garibaldi in Italy 1860, then Civil War service, a key instigator in the 1864 effort to replace Lincoln as the Republican nominee with John C. Fremont. After the Civil War, a Radical Republican, and an active leader of the Fenians. Returning to France, he joined the International Workingmen's Association, attempted to spark local insurrections at Lyon and Marseille during the Franco-Prussian War, became the Minister of War for the Paris Commune of 1871, driven into exile with its repression, returned and served as a Socialist in the French National Assembly.
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