The first of eight children of Feroline (Caroline) Bordelon (1817-after 1900) and her first husband Hypolite Mayeux II (1813-1846), Jerome was born in the Hydropolis settlement of Avoyelles Parish, LA. His exact date of death and place of burial remain uncertain, but he died before 18 Sept. 1869, which is the date of an Oath of Legal Tutrix taken out by his mother for his first child and orphaned son Aldigee (called Ludger) Mayeux (1855-1897), who was subsequently raised by his grandmother Feroline. Jerome was baptized 7 April 1833 at St. Paul the Apostle Catholic Church in Mansura, LA. His most likely burial place is the cemetery of St. Paul's. When the mausoleum was built there in the 20th century, the headstones of older graves which had occupied that space were discarded in woods to the side. It is possible that Jerome's, as well as his mother Feroline's and his father Hypolite's, stone was among these.

Jerome Mayeux married twice, first to Adelphine (Delphine) Gaspard (1835-1856), daughter of Daniel St. Ville Gaspard and Azelie Adeline Joffrion. The wedding occurred 28 Feb. 1854 at the residence of Louis Johnson. They were married by W. L. Voorhies, Justice of the Peace. Witnesses were: Xavier Mayeux, Valery Dufour, Jr, and Cesaire Normand. Adelphine died the next year, just 17 days after giving birth to their son Aldigee B. (called Ludger) Mayeux (1855-1897). Her death is recorded in St Paul's burial books.

Jerome Mayeux married next (in 1856 in Hydropolis) Adelaine (Adelanie) Bordelon. Their children were Gervais Mayeux (b. 1857) and Adelaide Mayeux (b. 1859).In 1860, they are living in Marksville, although Jerome's first child Aldgee remains with Jerome's mother, not with his new family.