Scientist and Doctor. He was the second eldest in a family of ten children. He began medical studies at the University of Strasbourg in 1777, with a special interest in comparative anatomy. Completing his degree in Vienna in 1785, he opened a successful private practice. Always a keen observer of human variances, he began to develop theories on the relationship between the size and shape of the head and intelligence and emotion. This research would become known as phrenology. Dividing the skull into sections, and assigning specific functions to each, Gall believed he could predict personality, character and aptitude. Lack of scientific proof of theory plus the ire of the Catholic Church, led to his teachings being banned in Austria. Leaving Vienna in 1805, he lectured in Germany and traveled extensively. Finally settling in Paris and despite his some what unpopular theories, he was accepted into Parisian salons. He became a naturalized French citizen in 1819. Some of the public were intrigued by his findings inspiring various phrenological societies in Europe, specially in the United States between 1820 and 1850. In 1823, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and published six books outlining his philosophy. He continued to lecture until his death. Despite phrenology being disapproved, Gall was a skilled anatomist and his careful, slow exploration of the brain changed the approach used during dissection. He identified the difference between grey neuron and white conductive brain matter functions. He was the first to argue that language, communication and emotion were seated in the brain, not the heart, and that language and word memory were located in the frontal lobe. He was credited with the first description of aphasia due to a head wound. After his death, his head was removed and added to his collection of skulls now housed in Rollettmuseum of Baden in Austria.